<item>• <hi format=ital>territorial sea:</hi> 12 nm; 3 nm in the international straits—La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>International disputes:</hi> islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotau, and the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan
<item><hi format=bold>Climate:</hi> varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
<item><hi format=bold>Terrain:</hi> mostly rugged and mountainous
<item><hi format=bold>Natural resources:</hi> negligible mineral resources, fish
<item><hi format=bold>Land use:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>arable land:</hi> 13%
<item>• <hi format=ital>permanent crops:</hi> 1%
<item>• <hi format=ital>meadows and pastures:</hi> 1%
<item>• <hi format=ital>forest and woodland:</hi> 67%
<item>• <hi format=ital>other:</hi> 18%
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Irrigated land:</hi> 28,680 sq km (1989)
<item><hi format=bold>Environment:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>current issues:</hi> air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life
<item>• <hi format=ital>natural hazards:</hi> many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis
<item>• <hi format=ital>international agreements:</hi> party to—Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified—Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Note:</hi> strategic location in northeast Asia